Advances in Rice Science
Contents: Preface. 1. About the rice crop. 2. Origin physiology and evolution in rice and its molecular basis. 3. Seed, germination, seedling, vigours and establishment. 4. Physiology of growth and development. 5. Hybrid rice : concepts, methodologies and recent development. 6. Cultural practices. 7. Plant nutrition and management. 8. Weed management. 9. Insects--pests and diseases : their control measurers. 10. Research trends in rice food science. 11. Research advances in rice biotechnology. Index.
From the preface: Rice science has reached to a highly technology concept since its inception of research on traditional cultivation practice to genetic manipulation for enriched rice. With recent consolidated and professionally target oriented scientific research base, it seems very interesting but complex to understand and found challenges to present in lucid manner to gain popularity among broad base graduates and research scholars.
Nature possesses its wide adaptability, rare to any species irrespective to diverse environmental conditions, climates, latitudes or longitudes. Thus it is can be grown irrespective of land types, water availability and management practices viz. deep, semi-deep, upland, aerobic etc. By-products are the source of antioxidants and anti-allergent, extracts help in gastro-wound healing. Rice bran plays a putative chemo-preventive intervention, red mold rice possesses a considerably lower triglyceride and cholesterol concentration in serum. Rice straw contains acid-detergent lignin, better fibers quality than any other natural cellulose fiber of agricultural origin, a future source of ethanol production.
However, the crop behavior should be understood well to harness its advantage. Evolutionary genetic advancement is taken utmost care to trace out the gene flow from natural populations/ wild plants to cultivated rice. Biotechnological make-up and genetic tools need enough concentration not only for heterosis/ combining ability, but also on super/ golden rice. The existence of large variability among rice germplasms and cultivars in morpho-agronomic and anatomical characters offers great opportunities to the breeders for efficient utilizations of rice genotypes to build up ideal rice cultivars with high yielding capacities and short duration and tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Sufficient research progress has been attained on variability in seed characteristics and chemistry influencing seed quality. Seed storage conditions affect seed quality and seed germination. Several biochemical changes occur during seed germination that also involves the role of genes. Several seed priming techniques have been adopted to improve seed germination and seedling vigour.
Increasing salinity reduces germination and seedling growth and affects crop growth in rice at different growth stages, though it is considered as a salt-tolerant crop, but rice was more tolerant at germination than at other stages. Molecular level of salt tolerance is also a need to be undertaken in the contexts of whole plants and of plant breeding.
Growth is regulated by the regulation of cell division, elongation leading to the organ development. Intensive research activities have been concentrated on the physiology of crop growth and development such as on spectral reflection, photosynthesis, RuBP reaction, respiration. A total of 22 QTL have been identified for crop growth in rice.
Cultural practices play an important role on the determination of rice productivity and its quality. Ratooning, ill documented traditional agronomic practice followed sporadically worldwide gives enough scope for exploring productivity in areas where cropping intensity is mainly limited by shortage of irrigation and low temperature.
Rice producers and experts should keep a keen match on each growth phase of rice and identify deficiencies and possible correction in each phase. The uptake and accumulation of different heavy metals such as selenium, cadmium, lead, arsenic in contaminated soil have direct impact on rice quality and health hazards. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is a low-tech, plant need-based approach for optimally applying N, P. and K to rice, is also another way to reduce the indiscriminate use of fertilizers. The concept of paranodule, a niche to endophytic nitrogen fixing microbes has also broaden the ideas of nitrogen management in rice and increasing the magnitude of paranodulation in target genotypes would be immediate task for research. Even in adequacy of nutrient supply, potential yield can not achieved if proper management of weeds fails. Though farmers traditionally do practice of cultural and mechanical ways in controlling weeds, however integrated approach combining cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological methods at suitable combinations is quite effective not only for managing weeds effectively but also to reduce the drudgery of chemical pollution led by herbicides. Conservation tillage has now become a broad base in this aspect.
Insect-pests and diseases affect the growth and productivity of rice to more than 30% and also its quality. Introduction of transgenic rice plays a vital role in reducing pest population. Among the diseases, rice blast, sheath blight, hopper burn have significantly adverse effect on productivity. Transgenic rice is found to be effective to reduce disease problems in rice.
Considerable research inputs have been concentrated on various aspects of food science in rice. Rice bran is rich in proteins, lipids, diet fibers and anti-oxidant compounds, such as tocopherol, tocotrienol and oryzanol with more than 25% of oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, viscosity of the flour, globulin, anti-oxidative property, petroleum ether extractable lipids are also considered important. Compounds inhibiting cholesterol auto-oxidation and PUFA auto-oxidation in both food and biological systems are present in extract. Bran fiber diet reduces the mean fasting. Moreover, bran extracts inhibit tumor promotion.
In recent years considerable research advances have been achieved on biotechnology, molecular biology and genetic engineering of rice. Attentions have been given on various aspects of applied biotechnology: genes for various specific traits, marker assisted selection (QTL, RFLP, SSR, SNP, EST), micro-satellite, gene mapping, gene expression, gene cloning, gene sequence, transcription, transgenic rice, tissue culture. In recent days, nutritional security is another global concern of agriculture. Golden rice, zinc enriched rice, Fe-rice concepts have thus come on limelight. Inclusion f this aspect in this manuscript may update rice scientists all over the world.
This vertical trend in enhancing productivity and quality through improved cultivars and hybrids along with improved agronomic practices has not only endangered the indigenous variety but also traditional systems of rice growing. A case study in rice growing belt of Eastern India may overpower in understanding the theme of age-old rice cultivation.
Overall the Advances in Rice Science can give a detailed updated investigation in a developmental manner and taken enough costs to make benefits for rice scientists. The development of this adventure is the orientations of a tale authors village live in engagement with the paddy cultivation practices in hand that has propelled the way on development of this manuscript.
From the preface: Rice science has reached to a highly technology concept since its inception of research on traditional cultivation practice to genetic manipulation for enriched rice. With recent consolidated and professionally target oriented scientific research base, it seems very interesting but complex to understand and found challenges to present in lucid manner to gain popularity among broad base graduates and research scholars.
Nature possesses its wide adaptability, rare to any species irrespective to diverse environmental conditions, climates, latitudes or longitudes. Thus it is can be grown irrespective of land types, water availability and management practices viz. deep, semi-deep, upland, aerobic etc. By-products are the source of antioxidants and anti-allergent, extracts help in gastro-wound healing. Rice bran plays a putative chemo-preventive intervention, red mold rice possesses a considerably lower triglyceride and cholesterol concentration in serum. Rice straw contains acid-detergent lignin, better fibers quality than any other natural cellulose fiber of agricultural origin, a future source of ethanol production.
However, the crop behavior should be understood well to harness its advantage. Evolutionary genetic advancement is taken utmost care to trace out the gene flow from natural populations/ wild plants to cultivated rice. Biotechnological make-up and genetic tools need enough concentration not only for heterosis/ combining ability, but also on super/ golden rice. The existence of large variability among rice germplasms and cultivars in morpho-agronomic and anatomical characters offers great opportunities to the breeders for efficient utilizations of rice genotypes to build up ideal rice cultivars with high yielding capacities and short duration and tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Sufficient research progress has been attained on variability in seed characteristics and chemistry influencing seed quality. Seed storage conditions affect seed quality and seed germination. Several biochemical changes occur during seed germination that also involves the role of genes. Several seed priming techniques have been adopted to improve seed germination and seedling vigour.
Increasing salinity reduces germination and seedling growth and affects crop growth in rice at different growth stages, though it is considered as a salt-tolerant crop, but rice was more tolerant at germination than at other stages. Molecular level of salt tolerance is also a need to be undertaken in the contexts of whole plants and of plant breeding.
Growth is regulated by the regulation of cell division, elongation leading to the organ development. Intensive research activities have been concentrated on the physiology of crop growth and development such as on spectral reflection, photosynthesis, RuBP reaction, respiration. A total of 22 QTL have been identified for crop growth in rice.
Cultural practices play an important role on the determination of rice productivity and its quality. Ratooning, ill documented traditional agronomic practice followed sporadically worldwide gives enough scope for exploring productivity in areas where cropping intensity is mainly limited by shortage of irrigation and low temperature.
Rice producers and experts should keep a keen match on each growth phase of rice and identify deficiencies and possible correction in each phase. The uptake and accumulation of different heavy metals such as selenium, cadmium, lead, arsenic in contaminated soil have direct impact on rice quality and health hazards. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is a low-tech, plant need-based approach for optimally applying N, P. and K to rice, is also another way to reduce the indiscriminate use of fertilizers. The concept of paranodule, a niche to endophytic nitrogen fixing microbes has also broaden the ideas of nitrogen management in rice and increasing the magnitude of paranodulation in target genotypes would be immediate task for research. Even in adequacy of nutrient supply, potential yield can not achieved if proper management of weeds fails. Though farmers traditionally do practice of cultural and mechanical ways in controlling weeds, however integrated approach combining cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological methods at suitable combinations is quite effective not only for managing weeds effectively but also to reduce the drudgery of chemical pollution led by herbicides. Conservation tillage has now become a broad base in this aspect.
Insect-pests and diseases affect the growth and productivity of rice to more than 30% and also its quality. Introduction of transgenic rice plays a vital role in reducing pest population. Among the diseases, rice blast, sheath blight, hopper burn have significantly adverse effect on productivity. Transgenic rice is found to be effective to reduce disease problems in rice.
Considerable research inputs have been concentrated on various aspects of food science in rice. Rice bran is rich in proteins, lipids, diet fibers and anti-oxidant compounds, such as tocopherol, tocotrienol and oryzanol with more than 25% of oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, viscosity of the flour, globulin, anti-oxidative property, petroleum ether extractable lipids are also considered important. Compounds inhibiting cholesterol auto-oxidation and PUFA auto-oxidation in both food and biological systems are present in extract. Bran fiber diet reduces the mean fasting. Moreover, bran extracts inhibit tumor promotion.
In recent years considerable research advances have been achieved on biotechnology, molecular biology and genetic engineering of rice. Attentions have been given on various aspects of applied biotechnology: genes for various specific traits, marker assisted selection (QTL, RFLP, SSR, SNP, EST), micro-satellite, gene mapping, gene expression, gene cloning, gene sequence, transcription, transgenic rice, tissue culture. In recent days, nutritional security is another global concern of agriculture. Golden rice, zinc enriched rice, Fe-rice concepts have thus come on limelight. Inclusion f this aspect in this manuscript may update rice scientists all over the world.
This vertical trend in enhancing productivity and quality through improved cultivars and hybrids along with improved agronomic practices has not only endangered the indigenous variety but also traditional systems of rice growing. A case study in rice growing belt of Eastern India may overpower in understanding the theme of age-old rice cultivation.
Overall the Advances in Rice Science can give a detailed updated investigation in a developmental manner and taken enough costs to make benefits for rice scientists. The development of this adventure is the orientations of a tale authors village live in engagement with the paddy cultivation practices in hand that has propelled the way on development of this manuscript.
