Determinism in Sramanic Traditions
Contents: Preface to Second Edition. Preface to First Edition. 1. Determinism in Science and Jainism/Surendra S. Pokharna. 2. Determinism and the Karma Theory of Jainism/Prakash C. Kanthaliya. 3. Niyativada in Jain Tradition/Shugan C. Jain. 4. Free Will in Jainism/Christopher K. Chapple. 5. Concept of Free Will in Theravada Buddhism/Bimalendra Kumar. 6. ‘Sramana Ethics’ Determinism in the Contemporary Context/Meenal Katarnikar. 7. Free Will in the Realm of Morality: A Jain Perspective/Kamini Gogri. 8. Niyativada as Depicted in Jainism/Navin K. Srivastav. 9. Determinism, Free Will and Morality: A Jain Perspective/Jinesh R. Sheth. 10. Summary of Presentations in Seminar/Shrinetra Pandey. Index.
Jain, Bauddha and Ajivaka belong to Sramanic tradition. Ajivakas were firm believers of determinism (Niyativada). Determinism, in philosophy, implies that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. But when we talk about niyati as per Jain perspectives, there is a doctrine of karma. According to karma theory, an individual’s present condition is determined not by any absolute principle but by his own actions performed either in his past lives or in this life. By freely choosing the right course and following it faithfully, he could improve his destiny and ultimately win salvation.
But Jainism does not totally reject the doctrine of Niyativada. It talks of five co-factors (panca-samavaya), i.e. kala, svabhava, niyati, purvakrta and purusa. The first cause of the universe is false when each of the five factors is taken singly but true when they are considered jointly. Buddhist text Digha Nikaya talks of two types: (1) Theistic determinism (2) Karmic determinism. However, Buddha does not teach that we have complete freedom or that we are determined, but that our will is conditioned or limited to a greater or lesser extent.
This volume contains ten selected papers that present the philosophical discussion on determinism in Srmananic traditions, particularly in Jainism.
