History and Development of Education in Modern India, Vols. XVI to XX

Contents: Vol. XVI. Reform in University Education in Modern India: Preface. 1. The university education commission report-its significance. 2. Standard of education and student modernity. 3. Faculty differences in student modernity. 4. Teacher influence on student modernity. 5. Extra-curricular and hostel impact. 6. Social responsibility of the universities. 7. The Indian university and the modernization process. 8. Directions of advance. 9. Open university. 10. Investment human. Index.

Vol. XVII. Governance and Administration of Universities in Modern India: Preface. 1. The modern Indian University. 2. Adult education. 3. Establishment of autonomous colleges. 4. Need for open university system. 5. Establishment of women’s colleges. 6. UGC and higher education standards. 7. Administration in higher education. 8. Administrative tensions in higher education. 9. Governance of modern Indian universities. 10. National development, social change and governance of universities. 12. Governance of universities: a scheme of alternatives. 13. Types and constitutions of Indian universities. 14. Need for university autonomy. 15. Special characteristics of some universities. Index.

Vol. XVIII. Problems and Challenges of University Education in Modern India: Preface. 1. Basic changes and reconstruction. 2. The UGC and the responsibility of Central Government. 3. Coordination of university education. 4. Realities of university education. 5. The need for junior colleges in India. 6. Growth, development and standards. 7. Plans and programmes of development. 8. Objects and priorities. 9. Students and nation. 10. Methods of teaching in universities. 11. Testing learning. 12. The conflict of languages. 13. Cultural conflicts. Index.

Vol. XIX. Report of the Secondary Education Commission: Preface. 1. Introductory. 2. Appraisal of the existing situation. 3. Reorientation of aims and objectives. 4. New organisational pattern of secondary education. 5. Study of languages. 6. Curriculum in secondary schools. 7. Dynamic methods of teaching. 8. The education of character. 9. Guidance and counselling in secondary schools. 10. The physical welfare of students. 11. A new approach to examination and evaluation. 12. Improvement of the teaching personnel. 13. Problems of administration. 14. Finance. 15. The secondary schools as we visualize it. Appendices. Index.

Vol. XX. Major Issues in Secondary Education in Modern India: Preface. 1. The post-independence period (1947-70). 2. Contemporary issues and challenges of the All India Council for Secondary Education. Appendix. Index.

There has been phenomenal expansion in the field of higher education in post independence India. A poor and backward country that India had been in the post independence period every penny spent on education was a long term investment which did not give immediate returns. While as the government of independent India appointed the first commission on higher education for suggesting reforms in the field of university education it was expressed from many quarters that the scarce resources were being spent on elementary education. The Government of India took the considered decision of modernizing the Indian Higher education in the first-phase of modernization of Indian education. This led to beside other things opening of new universities, colleges and institutions of higher learning and research laboratories.

This is true that the per capita expenditure on higher education has been the lowest as compared to the developed countries of the west, higher education expanded rather rapidly in India due to the modernization factor. New universities were opened at the time of the general elections to satisfy the popular demands. This of course led to deterioration in standards of higher education. Universities were opened without providing ample funds and other necessary infrastructure like buildings and equipment.

There have been regional considerations also responsible for the rapid expansion of higher education. Backward areas like Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh had to be provided with universities on democratic considerations.

The development of higher education in India thus faces the challenge of quantity versus quality and a strategy had to be evolved to arrive at an acceptable balance between the two demands.

The Secondary Education Commission popularly known as Mudaliar Commission stressed the need for a good secondary education in the overall scheme of education.

The secondary education commission highlighted the need for technical education at the secondary level. The secondary education commission made recommendations for curriculum and examination reforms in the field of secondary education.